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北京 园明园遗址公园 3——被破坏了的清代皇家宫苑
北京

圆明园坐落在北京西郊海淀区,与颐和园紧相毗邻。它始建于康熙46年(1709年),亦称“圆明三园”,是圆明园及其附园长春园、万春园的统称,是清代行宫式御园,占地350公顷(5200余亩),其中水面面积约140公顷(2100亩),有园林风景百余处,是清朝帝王在150余年间创建和经营的一座大型皇家宫苑。

“圆明园”由康熙皇帝命名。“圆明”是雍正皇帝自皇子时期一直使用的佛号。康熙皇帝在把园林赐给胤禛(后为雍正皇帝)时,亲题园名为“圆明园”正是取意于此。雍正皇帝解释说“圆明”二字的含义是:“圆而入神,君子之时中也;明而普照,达人之睿智也。”意思是说,“圆”是指个人品德圆满无缺,超越常人;“明”是指政治业绩明光普照,完美明智。
圆明园继承了中国三千多年的优秀造园传统,既有宫廷建筑的雍容华贵,又有江南水乡园林的委婉多姿,同时,又吸取了欧洲的园林建筑形式,把不同风格的园林建筑融为一体,在整体布局上使人感到和谐完美,体现了中国古代造园艺术之精华,是当时最出色的一座大型园林。乾隆皇帝说它:“实天宝地灵之区,帝王豫游之地,无以逾此”。圆明园不仅以园林著称,而且也是一座收藏相当丰富的皇家博物馆。园内各殿堂内装饰有难以计数的紫檀木家具,陈列有许多国内外稀世文物。园中文源阁是全国四大皇家藏书楼之一。园中各处藏有《四库全书》、《古今图书集成》、《四库全书荟要》等珍贵图书文物。圆明园,曾以其宏大的地域规模、杰出的营造技艺、精美的建筑景群、丰富的文化收藏和博大精深的民族文化内涵而享誉于世,被誉为“一切造园艺术的典范”和“万园之园”。
  圆明园于咸丰十年,即1860年的10月,遭到英法联军的洗劫和焚毁,英法联军攻入北京。10月6日,占领圆明园。从第二天开始,军官和士兵就疯狂地进行抢劫和破坏。为了迫使清政府尽快接受议和条件,英国公使额尔金、英军统帅格兰特以清政府曾将英法被俘人员囚禁在圆明园为借口,命令米切尔中将于10月18日率领侵略军三千五百余人直趋圆明园,纵火焚烧。这场大火持续了三天三夜。1900年,八国联军侵入北京,圆明园又一次遭到破坏。清朝覆灭后,一些军阀、政客、官僚,纷纷从圆明园盗运建筑材料,圆明园遗址遭到进一步破坏。1979年,圆明园遗址被列为北京市重点文物保护单位。之后,圆明园遗址的整修工作逐步展开。于1988年建成圆明园遗址公园,仅存山形水系、园林格局和建筑基址,假山叠石、雕刻残迹仍然可见。在“西洋楼”旧址建有园史展览馆,供人瞻仰凭吊,令人痛定思痛。该全景是在遗址公园的被破坏现场拍摄。

http://lvyou.baidu.com/scene/view/4818309ea171641493d817fe

http://baike.baidu.com/view/528688.htm

 

全景作者 刘运增

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Copyright: 刘运增
Type: Spherical
Resolution: 9000x4500
Taken: 04/09/2011
上传: 24/08/2012
观看次数:

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Tags: beijing old summer palace ruins yuanmingyuan
More About 北京

Overview and HistoryIn the Stone Age, "Peking Man" lived near Beijing -- as many as 500,000 years ago. The earliest relics in China are stone tools dating to this time period. Between four and five thousand years ago there were agricultural settlements southwest of Beijing. They were the beginning of a city that would go through several name changes over the millenia.The legendary Yellow Emperor Huang Di battled Chiyou "in the wilderness of the Zhou prefecture." Zhoulu is a town to the west of modern Beijing. The Yellow Emperor's successor, Emperor Yao, established a capital city called Youdo. Youdo became a place called Ji, and Ji was taken over by the Marquis of Yan during the period of the Warring States (475 B.C.)Ji remained an important city for ten centuries. From China's first feudal empire through to the end of the Tang Dynasty, Ji was a strategic military center in the campaign to unite all of China.By the end of the Tang Dynasty in 907 A.D., the Qidan army came from the north and occupied Ji. They called it Nanjing, which meant "southern capital." During this time the Liao Dynasty ruled and carried out many reconstruction projects in the city, fortifying it for greater military use.The Nuzhen army conquered the Liao and established the Jin dynasty as of 1115 A.D., moving the city of Ji and renaming it "Zhongdu" which means "Central Capital." This meant more expansion and construction of palaces until the city spanned five kilometers across and contained an estimated one million people.Mongolian raiders invaded Zhongdu in 1215 A.D. and renamed it Dadu. Under Kublai Khan the Yuan Dynasty took Dadu as its capital and unified China!Since Zhongdu had been destroyed by fire in the change from Jin to Yuan dynasties, Kublai Khan took on a reconstruction project that was to expand the city into rectangular shape. It became the political center of the country with three main areas -- imperial palaces, the city walls, and the canal.By the coming of the thirteenth century, Dadu was a world famous city which astounded Marco Polo when he arrived. In his record he writes, "You must know that it is the greatest palace that ever was..."In 1368 Ming soldiers captured Dadu and renamed it Beiping or "Northern Peace." It went through another period of reconstruction which saw walls twelve meters high built around its perimeter, walls ten meters thick which took fifteen years to build. When they were done, Beiping became the official capital of the Ming Dynasty. With the completion of the palaces and gardens in 1420, Emperor Yongle renamed the city Beijing, "Northern Capital."Beijing grew once more and took on a rectangular shape with two distinct sections, the Inner City (Tartar) and the Outer City (Chinese). Its city planners gave it an organized arrangement that still felt relaxed.The Qing Dynasty came along circa 1644 A.D. and the Manchus built extended suburban gardens. These took more than a whole century to make, but when they were finished the open-air pavilions and palaces stood as a masterpiece of Chinese architecture. This was proper to show the power and refinement of traditional China, a fitting design for the capital of the empire.The Qing Dynasty lasted until 1911 but collapsed into chaos at the hands of the Northern Warlords. Beijing suffered a lack of leadership until 1949, when the People's Liberation Army entered the city. From Tian'anmen Square in the center of the city, Chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China, with Beijing as its capital.Since then it has continued to expand, surpassing the nine gates of the inner city wall, beyond the seven outer gates, and into the suburbs. Beijing now takes up 750 square kilometers! The city retains its old symmetry with a central axis that runs north-south, and the Imperial Palace Museum at the center. This palace was once called the "Forbidden City" but it is now a museum open to the public.Getting ThereThe Beijing Capital International Airport is located 25km northeast of the city. It is the center of China's civil aviation network and it connects to 69 cities worldwide. The airport is linked to the city by bus, taxi and Beijing Subway Airport Line.The city government operates one bus line and private buses go and come from several hotels. The taxi stand is outside the terminal, as always, so don't ride with the drivers who harass you inside the terminal. A ride to the city center should cost about 70 RMB plus 15 RMB highway toll. You should also know that there's an airport tax of 90 RMB for international travelers. Keep your receipt!TransportationWithin the city you can choose from 67,000 GPS-equipped taxis, the bus or the metro. Half of their buses are running on natural gas now, which is a good move considering the city is adding fifty new bus routes per year. Whoa!The metro has two routes, the Loop Line and Line One. The Loop has sixteen stations and it runs parallel to where the city wall stood in the Ming era. Line One has twenty-one stops going from the suburbs on one side all the way across to the other side. It is safe to assume that there will be more metro lines to follow as Beijing grows.People and CultureOne of the unique sights in Beijing is a park filled with retired people doing their exercises early in the morning. Tai ch'i, QiGong, sword dancing and shadow boxing are forms of exercise and relaxation which have existed for more than two thousand years and are still popular today.Drinking tea in a teahouse and enjoying a folk opera in an old-style theater are both popular activities in Beijing culture. Beijing has more bars and pubs than any other Chinese city (more than 400), and it's also full of antique shops, silk markets and museums.Things to do, RecommendationsBeijing is massive and filled with interesting things to explore. For just a few examples, take a look at these:The National Stadium (bird's nest), the Water Cube, and ruins of the Yuan Dynasty city wall.If you like art, you have to check out the 798 Art District. It's named for Factory #798 and the district contains hundreds of galleries, bookstores and restaurants. Have fun!Text by Steve Smith.


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