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The valley of Erdemli houses the remains of a Byzantine settlement from the 9th to 13th centuries. In addition to the so-called Saray Manastırı (palace monastery) with its richly structured façade, large cave church and various economic areas in the valley floor, there are hundreds of caves on the slopes. Some churches and even a mosque hide in them. The Eustathios church was probably the most beautifully furnished. Unfortunately its colourful frescoes hide behind layers of soot of different thicknesses, so that only after intensive digital processing do they reveal their original splendour. You can find the original situation here: https://www.360cities.net/image/eustathios-cave-church-original-situation-erdemli-cappadocia-turkey-5
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Cappadocia is a part of central Turkey. Eruptions of several volcanoes (e.g. Erciyes Dag, Hasan Dag) had covered the area with tuff. Erosion dug valleys and created an uncountable number of different shaped rocks. The tuff's ability to store water made the valleys much more fertile than the higher surroundings. After the arrival of the first people, they soon started to dig caves into the soft stone. By the time they developed the ability to dig cities into the underground with tunnels of several kilometers. A sophisticated pipe- and tunnel-system cared for fresh air and water, to enable the people to hide from enemies for a long time. In the 5th century hermits started to settle in the valleys and to paint their caves. In the next centuries more and more hermits and monks arrived and a rich cave-architecture with colourfull wallpaintings developed. The most famous are the churches of Goereme and the Peristrema Valley (=Ihlara Valley) between Ihlara and Selime. Today thousands of tourists from all over the world are visiting the area.
